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Civil Engagement and Democracy in German History: Jewish Experiences and Perspectives

What role did Jewish thinkers and activists play in shaping democracy in Germany? A new series of expert interviews from the LBI brings to light remarkable - often nearly forgotten - personalities from the Kaiserreich to the Nazi era.

Through these portraits, the series explores how individual engagement contributed to the development of a more inclusive and just society, highlighting the pivotal influence of Jewish men and women in Germany’s political and social evolution, especially during the Kaiserzeit and the Weimar Republic.

Despite persistent discrimination and rising hostility, Jews were central to progress in almost every sphere, with a notable presence in left-leaning, emancipatory, and democratic movements - often because these groups shared aims of equality, a strong welfare state, and minority inclusion.

These stories demonstrate that a healthy democracy relies not just on robust parliaments but also on a committed civil society willing to stand up for freedom and justice. They remind us that antisemitism threatens not only Jewish communities, but the very fabric of democratic values for all.

The series ‘Civil Engagement and Democracy in German History: Jewish Experiences and Perspectives’,  was first published in German as Engagement & Demokratie in der jüdisch-deutschen Geschichte by the Freunde und Förderer des Leo Baeck Instituts as part of the LBI's 70th Anniversary celebrations.

Lutz Vössing, Gerhard J. Rekel
Lina Morgenstern was one of the most remarkable social reformers of the 19th century. In Berlin, she founded the first public kitchens, helping to feed the poor – but her work went far beyond that. She was a tireless advocate for women’s rights and for improving the lives of those on the margins of society. During wartime, she organised aid for wounded soldiers; in peacetime, she campaigned for peace itself. Morgenstern also wrote more than 30… more
Lutz Vössing, Christl Wickert
Tony Sender was born Sidonie Zippora Sender on 29 November 1888 in Biebrich near Wiesbaden and died in 1964 in New York. For thirteen years, she was a leading voice on the left of the Social Democratic parliamentary group in the German Reichstag. After emigrating to the United States, she remained active as a trade unionist, speaker, lecturer, and economic policy expert. Yet despite her political achievements, international network, and striking… more
Hermann Heller (1891–1933) was a German constitutional lawyer and political theorist, best known for his pioneering work in constitutional law and democratic theory. A staunch opponent of National Socialism, he championed democracy, individual rights, and a version of ‘democratic socialism’ that fused socialist ideals with a strong rejection of authoritarianism. Although he died young, at just 42, his intellectual legacy remains significant –… more
Lutz Vössing, Mathias Berek
Moritz Lazarus was one of the most influential Jewish intellectuals of the 19th century. A pioneering philosopher and cultural theorist, he championed a liberal vision of society grounded in individual freedom and civic participation. For Lazarus, the strength of a nation lay not in uniformity but in the ability of its citizens – whether Christian, Danish, Polish, or Jewish – to flourish together. His career unfolded during a period of… more
Lutz Vössing, Joseph Cronin
In the period of social upheaval in Germany after the First World War, there were forces from both the left and right with diametrically opposed ideas for reshaping the country. Positioned somewhat in between was Hugo Preuß, who moved from being a liberal theorist to becoming one of the most important figures in drafting a democratic constitution for the Weimar Republic. Few people today are aware of this influential figure. His political legacy… more
Lutz Vössing, Rachel Livne Freudenthal
Leopold Zunz (1794–1886) was a historian, religious scholar, and a pioneering figure in the development of the modern Science of Judaism (Wissenschaft des Judentums) – the academic study of Judaism. He was a tireless advocate for Jewish emancipation and integration into broader society. For Zunz, Judaism was neither simply a religion nor a national identity, but a rich culture deserving of systematic scholarly study and full participation in… more
Lutz Vössing, Knut Bergbauer
Hans Litten was one of the most courageous figures in the legal resistance to Hitler. Born in 1903 in Halle and raised in Königsberg, he became a prominent lawyer known for his unflinching opposition to National Socialism – most famously when he summoned Adolf Hitler to testify in court during the Edenpalast Trial of 1931. Litten’s defiance would cost him dearly: he was arrested after the Reichstag fire in 1933 and died in Dachau in 1938. In… more
Lutz Vössing, Karsten Krampitz
Hugo Haase. Photo: LBI Hugo Haase, born in 1863 in Allenstein, East Prussia (today Olsztyn, Poland), was the eldest of ten children and trained as a solicitor. Though his time on the political stage was relatively brief, Haase made a lasting impression. A passionate orator and outspoken opponent of Germany’s war credits during the First World War, he became one of the most influential figures in early Weimar politics. Yet today, few remember the… more

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